Evolution

Evolution is the natural process of irreversible changes producing new forms with adaptive improvements.

• Cosmological evolution
• Chemical evolution
• Biological evolution
• Cultural evolution

Cosmological evolution

Cosmological evolution is explained by the big bang theory.

1. 13.8 billion years ago created all the matters in the universe.
2. Initially only protons and the neutrons, later 99% helium and hydrogen and there is no heavy elements
3. Clouds of helium and the hydrogen is combined into planets as the universe is cooled and explained.
4. Solar system and the earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago.
5. At early there is no atmosphere, initial atmosphere was formed by the gases formed from the volcanic activities, and gravity formed blanket to gases CO₂,H₂O,N₂,H₂S
6. Then the rain initiation and cool down the earth formed the ocean

Chemical evolution – Production of the organic compounds. proceeded with the cosmological evolution.

Biological evolution – life began 3.8 billion years ago, 2.8 billion years ago free oxygen accumulated. Changes in the gene frequency in a population over time.for 160 million years dinosaurs dominated, then mammals are dominated.

Human evolution

for stages of the human evolution

1. Australopithecus – forest dwellers
2. Homo habilis – use tools, gathering food, occasionally hunting, scavenging
3. Homo erectus – control fire, hunting, complex tools,developed clothing. travelled out of africa.
4. Homo sapiens – domestication, agriculture, civilization,industrialization, use of chemicals, exponential growth of population.

Cultural evolution

• Agricultural revolution
• Industrial revolution
• Electronic revolution

Natural ecosystems Vs Human ecosystems

Natural ecosystems refer as interconnected network of biotic and abiotic components, not a human innovation. these ecosystems are self sustaining, self – organizing, self regulating and evolve. such as oceans, forest, rivers…

Human ecosystems are human built environments. such as town, city, village, civilization…

Natural ecosystems	Human ecosystems
built by natural processes without human involvements	built by human
High level of diversity	low level of diversity
self regulating and resilient to disturbances	manage by human, vulnerable to disturbances
Function – air and water purification, climate regulation, nutrient cycle.	provide food, energy, transportation
low pollution level	High pollution level
Forests, deserts, oceans…	Farms, gardens, cities…

References

• https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/how-did-the-universe-begin-happened-big-bang/
• Accelerating expansion of the universe – Wikipedia. (2017, February 21). Accelerating Expansion of the Universe – Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe